Monensin and functional oil addition in feed behavior and methane emission of Nellore bulls fed low-fiber diets.

In order to minimize unwanted effects of high levels of grains in feedlot diet, antibiotic feed additives are used, but its security is challenged and the discovery of alternative natural substances becomes necessary. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of increasing levels of the forage neutral detergent fiber (NDFf) and additives in feeding behavior and enteric methane emissions. Seventy Nellore bulls, (408 ± 14.17 kg initial LW), were distributed in a factorial arrangement 2 x 3 + 1, where two additives (500 mg kg-1 DM, of a blend of castor oil and cashew nut shell liquid, Essential Oligo Basics, Brazil, or 30 mg kg-1 DM of monensin), three levels of NDFf (6, 9 and 15% in DM), and control group, without additive. The diet was composed by Brachiaria hay, ground corn, citrus pulp, soybean meal and mineral salt. The experiment lasted 105d, the enteric methane emission was estimated by indicator gas SF6 methodology, in two collections for five straight days, the intake behavior was performed through rumination sensors (Heatime® HR), evaluated in five animal per treatment. Data were analyzed using the SAS´s MIXED, 5% significance evaluated by contrasts. The monensina increased (P<0.05) the dry matter intake (DMI), final live weight (FLW), and methane emission compared to oil treatment, the averages 8.29 ± 0.06 kg d-1, 518.73 ± 5.7 kg and 183.22 ± 4.6 g d-1 for monensin and 7.48 ± 0.04 kg d-1; 489.8 ± 8.9 kg and 161.33 ± 4.83 g d-1 for functional oil. Regarding the NDFf levels, the DMI was higher for 15% of NDFf compared to other levels (P = 0.0156), the averages were respectively 8.69 ± 0.03, 7.10 ± 0.04 and 7.99 ± 0.05 kg d-1. The methane emission increased (P = 0.0006) as the NDFf level was increased (139.03 ± 4.97; 165.51 ± 3.4 and 213.72 ± 4.64 g d-1 for the 6 and 9% levels, respectively), with no changes when methane was analyzed by kg of DMI (P = 0.1308). There was an effect on NDFf levels on rumination time (P = 0.0106) with 23.25 ± 0.62; 21.30 ± 0.30 and 26.94 ± 0.43 kg of DM d-1 for 6, 9 e 15% levels, respectively. As well the monensina increased (P = 0.0030) the rumination time compared to the functional oil (25.56 ± 0.38 and 23.98 ± 0.49 kg of DM d-1 respectively). The diet with 15% of NDFf and the monensin were more effective in DMI, FLW and rumination, the functional oil contributed to the reduction of enteric methane emission

Artifacts resembling Ediacaran or Cambrian fossils: how to identify them and avoid their generation

The generation of artifacts during sample preparation must be considered in paleobiological studies, particularly during the Ediacaran and Cambrian, since such artifacts can assume forms similar to those of cloudinids and other problematic taxa commonly described in samples from these systems. Chemical reactions between hydrogen peroxide and sulfides from the samples can lead to the formation of tubular and vase-shaped structures. The visual description alone does not allow a conclusion about whether their origin is organic or inorganic. In these cases, chemical composition and ultrastructure analysis are tools that help to distinguish artifacts from bona fide fossils. Scanning electron microscopy can be successfully employed to characterize and differentiate fossils from artifacts. The presence or absence of these structures in thin sections is also an essential piece of information to discuss their biogenicity. Furthermore, not using hydrogen peroxide avoids the risk of formation of the artifacts described here.</p

Endothelin-1 receptor antagonists protect the kidney against the nephrotoxicity induced by cyclosporine-A in normotensive and hypertensive rats

Cyclosporin-A (CsA) is an immunosuppressant associated with acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease. Nephrotoxicity associated with CsA involves the increase in afferent and efferent arteriole resistance, decreased renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Endothelin-1 (ET-1) receptor blockade with bosentan (BOS) and macitentan (MAC) antagonists on altered renal function induced by CsA in normotensive and hypertensive animals. Wistar and genetically hypertensive rats (SHR) were separated into control group, CsA group that received intraperitoneal injections of CsA (40 mg/kg) for 15 days, CsA+BOS and CsA+MAC that received CsA and BOS (5 mg/kg) or MAC (25 mg/kg) by gavage for 15 days. Plasma creatinine and urea, mean arterial pressure (MAP), RBF and renal vascular resistance (RVR), and immunohistochemistry for ET-1 in the kidney cortex were measured. CsA decreased renal function, as shown by increased creatinine and urea. There was a decrease in RBF and an increase in MAP and RVR in normotensive and hypertensive animals. These effects were partially reversed by ET-1 antagonists, especially in SHR where increased ET-1 production was observed in the kidney. Most MAC effects were similar to BOS, but BOS seemed to be better at reversing cyclosporine-induced changes in renal function in hypertensive animals. The results of this work suggested the direct participation of ET-1 in renal hemodynamics changes induced by cyclosporin in normotensive and hypertensive rats. The antagonists of ET-1 MAC and BOS reversed part of these effects.Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Disciplina Nefrol, Dept Med, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilUniv Cruzeiro Sul, Programa Interdisciplinar Ciencias Saude, Inst Ciencias Atividade Fis & Esporte, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilUniv Sao Paulo, LEMA, Escola Enfermagem, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Dept Enfermagem Clin & Cirurg, Escola Paulista Enfermagem, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Disciplina Nefrol, Dept Med, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Dept Enfermagem Clin & Cirurg, Escola Paulista Enfermagem, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Melatonin reduces apoptotic cells, SOD2 and HSPB1 and improves the in vitro production and quality of bovine blastocysts.

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A Comparative Study of the Outer Membrane Proteome from an Atypical and a Typical Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli

This study compared the proteomic profile of outer membrane proteins (OMPs) from one strain of atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (aEPEC) and one of typical EPEC (tEPEC). The OMPs fractions were obtained using sarcosine extraction, and analyzed by one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (1DE and 2DE, respectively). The 1DE OMPs analysis of typical and atypical EPEC evidenced similar patterns; however, the 2DE OMP profile from the aEPEC revealed more protein spots in the 40- to 70-kDa region. 2DE image analysis identified 159 protein spots in both strains whereas 53 protein spots were observed only in tEPEC and 128 were observed only in aEPEC. Remarkably, 41.5% of aEPEC spots showed higher levels of expression compared to tEPEC, some of which with two, others four or even five times more. Twenty-four selected spots were identified using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and they corresponded to proteins involved in cell structure and metabolism, as well as in gene regulation. Some of these proteins showed similarity with proteins identified in other E. coli pathotypes. Besides, the differential expression of some proteins in aEPEC may suggest that it could be related to their features that ascertain the adaptation to distinct environments and the worldwide spread distribution of these pathogens

Serological survey for mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in free-living wild boars from Campos Gerais region, Paraná, Brasil.

The south region of Brazil was responsible for 80.3% of total pork meat export in the country in 2015 (2), with the state of Paraná accountable for 21% of the total pork meat production in that year. Pig farming represented 5.7% of the agricultural gross income of the state in 2016, and the Campos Gerais region accounted for 13.2% of that amount (2). Wild boars are the result of crossbreeding between boars (Sus scrofa scrofa) and domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus). The total population of free-living wild boars in Brazil is unknown (11), but sightings are common in the crop fields and near livestock farms of different regions of Paraná state, including in Campos Gerais (9). The health status of pig herds is important in terms of maintenance and growth of pork production and exports and there are evidences that domestic pigs and wild boars share vulnerabilities in certain viral and bacterial pathogen infections (12). Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhyo) is a bacterial pathogen that causes porcine enzootic pneumonia, an economically important disease that affects both domestic pigs and wild boars. Mhyo was first isolated in 1965, simultaneously in the United Kingdom (UK) and in the United States of America (USA) (3; 7). Economic losses related to this pathogen and mycoplasmal pneumonia in pig herds are associated with decreased feed efficiency, reduced average of the daily weight gain, and increased medication costs. Thus, knowing the health status of free-living wild boars in the regards of this pathogen is important for the biosecurity of the pork production. The aim of this study was to investigate antibodies against Mhyo in serum samples of free-living wild boars in Campos Gerais region

Protein synthesis and degradation gene SNPs related to feed intake, feed efficiency, growth, and ultrasound carcass traits in Nellore cattle.

We looked for possible associations of SNPs in genes related to protein turnover, with growth, feed efficiency and carcass traits in feedlot Nellore cattle. Purebred Nellore bulls and steers (N = 290; 378 ± 42 kg body weight, 23 months ± 42 days old) were evaluated for daily feed intake, body weight gain (BWG), gross feed efficiency, feed conversion ratio, partial efficiency of growth, residual feed intake (RFI), ultrasound backfat, rump fat, and ribeye area

The impact of the urban canyon geometry in the nocturnal heat island intensity: analysis by a simplified model adapted to a GIS

A geometria urbana é um dos fatores de maior influência na intensidade da ilha de calor urbana. Seu estudo requer a caracterização de cânions urbanos, geralmente medidos pela relação entre a altura dos edifícios e a largura da rua (H/W), conceito aplicado no modelo numérico de Oke em 1981. O objetivo deste artigo é verificar o impacto da geometria do cânion urbano na intensidade de ilhas de calor noturna. Para isso, foram realizados levantamento de dados climáticos e de geometria urbana em duas cidades brasileiras. Os valores de intensidade de ilha de calor foram confrontados com os simulados pelo modelo original de Oke (1981), o qual foi calibrado e adaptado à plataforma SIG, de forma a possibilitar a incorporação de outro parâmetro de geometria, além da relação H/W: o comprimento de rugosidade. Esse processo gerou uma nova ferramenta de cálculo, que é denominda THIS (Tool for Heat Island Simulation). Aplicou-se o novo modelo para simular alguns cenários urbanos hipotéticos, que representam vários tipos de cânions urbanos. Os resultados demonstraram que cânions urbanos de maior rugosidade amenizam as intensidades de ilha de calor noturna em relação a um cânion de mesmo valor de relação H/W e menor rugosidade.Urban geometry is one of the main factors influencing the development of urban heat islands. The study of urban geometry requires a characterization of urban canyons, which can be usually measured by the H/W ratio (a relationship between the height and the width of a street), a concept applied in a numerical model by Oke in 1981. The aim of this paper is to verify the impact of the canyon geometry on the intensity of the nocturnal urban heat islands. For this purpose, measurements of climate data and urban geometry were conducted in two Brazilian cities. The values of heat island intensity were cross-examined to those generated with the application of the original Oke's model. Therefore, this latter was calibrated and adapted to run in a GIS platform, allowing the incorporation of a geometric parameter other than the H/W ratio - the roughness length. Then, this process produced a new calculation tool, which is called THIS (Tool for Heat Island Simulation). The new model was applied to simulate some hypothetical urban scenarios representing several urban canyons types. The results showed that the urban canyons with the largest roughness reduce the nocturnal heat island intensities in relation to an urban canyon of the same H/W value, but presenting lower roughness rates instead.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (Fapesp)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Capes)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Extracellular vesicles from oral squamous carcinoma cells display pro- and anti-angiogenic properties

BackgroundA new intercellular communication mode established by neoplastic cells and tumor microenvironment components is based on extracellular vesicles (EVs). However, the biological effects of the EVs released by tumor cells on angiogenesis are not completely understood. Here, we aimed to understand the biological effects of EVs isolated from two cell lines of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) (SCC15 and HSC3) on endothelial cell tubulogenesis. MethodsOSCC-derived EVs were isolated with a polymer-based precipitation method, quantified using nanoparticle tracking analysis and verified for EV markers by dot blot. Functional assays were performed to assess the angiogenic potential of the OSCC-derived EVs. ResultsThe results showed that EVs derived from both cell lines displayed typical spherical-shaped morphology and expressed the EV markers CD63 and Annexin II. Although the average particle concentration and size were quite similar, SCC15-derived EVs promoted a pronounced tubular formation associated with significant migration and apoptosis rates of the endothelial cells, whereas EVs derived from HSC3 cells inhibited significantly endothelial cell tubulogenesis and proliferation. ConclusionThe findings of this study reveal that EVs derived from different OSCC cell lines by a polymer-based precipitation method promote pro- or anti-angiogenic effects.Peer reviewe